Why do so many asylum seekers fail the official German courses, among them even highly qualified, highly motivated and hard-working migrants who are keen on starting a new life in Germany?
I accuse…
all those who have been teaching German as a foreign language according to a monolingual German-only approach, to the detriment of their clients.
These are notably teachers and teacher trainers
- of the Goethe-Institutes
- of universities and academic language centres
- of various language schools offering official German courses
I also accuse various publishers of textbooks of German and the BAMF (Federal Agency for Migration and Refugees).
Because they all should have known better and reacted more flexibly to a difficult situation. Only those who promote the interplay of their students‘ mother tongue are actually meeting their students where they are. It is an idea whose time has finally come.
I claim:
The German-only approach (or, for that matter, the English-only policies in schools worldwide) is self-crippling. In our digital age it is a patent absurdity and a cause of unnecessary misery especially for speakers of “remote” languages. As a rule, German students get German explanations when learning foreign languages. Why should foreign students learning German be denied explanations in their respective mother tongues? Many refugees fail the monolingual German courses. But clearly defined and brain compatible bilingual teaching techniques in conjunction with monolingual activities empower the students and enrich the teachers’ repertoire.
I propose:
- Textbook publishers offer bilingual word lists of words and phrases in many languages. The lists should be arranged in three columns and ordered according to lessons – this is standard practice in German coursebooks of English. These lists can be printed separately or downloaded freely from the internet. Bilingual classroom phrases for beginners should also be available.
- Teachers allow a “time-out” to help learners who speak the same language clarify comprehension problems among themselves. Learners use dictionaries and smartphones and share the information gained.
- Teachers select and present youtube videos on special German grammar topics to groups of students who share the same language. As they watch and learn, the teacher continues working with the rest of the class. German grammar videos are provided free of charge by bilingual native speakers and have often been clicked more than a million times (see, for instance, Deiaa Abdullah for Arabic and Almani be Farsi. For students who come equipped with a good knowledge of English smarterGerman.com is a great help.
- Teachers ask former students who have become proficient bilinguals to provide them with parallel translations of selected texts which they will use time and again with new students.
- Migrants work themselves with Google Translator. They write short dialogues in their mother tongues, something they would want to say in German. Then with Google Translator, they translate their text into German, sentence by sentence (not word for word). If possible, a native speaker can check the translation. Then they practise with a partner / act it out in class.
- Contrary to what the BAMF recommends, homogeneous classes where all students share a language will be formed wherever possible. For them special textbooks such as Hossein Tavakkoly’s “Deutsch für Perser” could be used alongside traditional German-only textbooks. These textbooks are written in the learners’ own language, and it is possible for them, wherever necessary, to provide not only normal translations but also word-for-word translations / close copies of unfamiliar and “bizarre” German constructions. This is the principle of double comprehension, the basic requirement of language acquisition.
- Examples illustrating this technique, also called mother-tongue mirroring, for English speakers: In English it’s “skyscraper”, in German “Wolkenkratzer”, i.e. “clouds-scraper”. In many languages the phrase “Do you have a passport?” is rendered literally “Is to-you passport?”. In Twi, comparisons such “Kofi is bigger than me” are expressed by means of a verb: “Kofi big exceed me”. In Mandarin, the plural of nouns is not marked by an ending, but by inserting a special measure word: “two books” is literally “two volume book”, “two knives” is “two grip knife”, somewhat similar to ”two pieces of soap” or ” two bars of chocolate”, etc. In the Ponca-language “I have a sister” is something like “I am sistered”. – In this way, languages can become transparent for one another.
- In the long run, teachers could make themselves familiar with salient grammatical and phonetical peculiarities of their students‘ languages.
- They may record files of recurring errors from speakers of these languages and develop strategies to deal with them. Even a little knowledge of students’ languages will go a long way.
- Textbook lessons for advanced students usually deal with certain topics such as “trade unions”. Teachers should point out to their students that there could be Wikipedia articles on the same topic in their own languages. Reading them will certainly help them to understand the foreign language text better. Comprehension is the key to language.
- Since students come from varying school cultures, they should be taught effective learning techniques such as the read-and-look-up method.
- If you still believe in a monolingual approach: Learn Japanese and choose a class where only Japanese is spoken. Do this and you’ll see.
Conclusion: Our digital age provides many opportunities to tailor the teaching and learning of foreign languages to the individual needs of the learners. (See also chapter 13:„Ideas for multilingual classes“ in Butzkamm & Caldwell, 2009, pp.229ff.)
The mother tongue taboo has been the didactical correctness for so many years and in so many countries. But empirical studies testify to the effectiveness of bilingual techniques, in conjunction with monolingual techniques, of course. The time is ripe for a major paradigm shift in foreign language teaching. However, the situation is complex, and the bilingual approach is no cure-all against failures. Teaching migrants remains a difficult job. Students differ significantly according to their origins, cultures, languages, ages, talents, motivation, and previous knowledge. No mean task.